Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soil and Water

The soil is the most important constituent to fulfilment of all the basic needs of human beings. Soil is an important component of our farming. An eminent position in global cultivation of wheat, rice, jawar, pulses, sugarcane, vegetables and fruits etc. is occupied by Indian agriculture and reason of physical, chemical condition of whatever land is indispensable for proper implementation of the other management practices. Thus the physico-chemical study of territory is very significant because both physical and chemical properties which bear upon the soil productivity. This, physico-chemical study of soil is based on various parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, texture, moisture, temperature, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This knowledge will help to the people who are interested to work in agricultural field. Soil is one of the most important ecological factors containing a large number of different kinds of bacteria, plants and animals that compose inter-related biological complex. As a complex physical and biological system, it provides nutrients and oxygen for the organisms. The major physical and chemical features of soil are related to particle size, distribution, types of clay colloids, cation and anion exchange capacity, oxidation and reduction potential, soil reaction, electrical conductivity and nutrient dynamics. A healthy and judicious reduction condition should be maintained at the bottom to facilitate the optimum availability of nutrients as well as prevention of any unhealthy situation. Thus, soil plays an important role in fertility of fish life and water body. The physico-chemical parameters of water like temperature, pH, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, carbonates, bicarbonates, calcium, magnesium, hardness, chlorides, sulphates, nutrients like nitrates and phosphates, turbidity and total dissolved solids are important to know the trophic nature of the water body. Water bodies are generally of three types oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic. Usually mesotrophic water bodies are highly productive in nature.